UNIVERSIDAD RAFAEL BELLOSO CHACÍN.

MAESTRÍA EN GERENCIA EMPRESARIAL.

CURSO DE NIVELACIÓN: INGLES INSTRUMENTAL, FEBRERO-2010



lunes, 14 de febrero de 2011

REFLEXIÓN FINAL...

La Realización personal o Autorrealización es el proceso mediante el cual el ser humano consigue ser todo lo que en potencia es. La Realización personal implica:
  • Conocer y contactar con nuestra verdadera identidad, con lo que somos en esencia, con nuestra naturaleza original. ¿Quién soy?
  • Vivir en plenitud,  todas nuestras facetas, de acuerdo con todo lo que somos.
Tomando como base lo anteriormente expuesto, puedo afirmar que todos los peldaños que he escalado a lo largo de mi vida han sido promovidos por mi firme propósito de alcanzar mi autorealización.

Considero que el plantearme metas y alcanzarlas con éxito me satisface enormemente, incrementando de esta manera la confianza que tengo en mi misma como persona apta y capáz para asumir cualquier reto., sin embargo no siempre es fácil alcanzar el tan anhelado objetivo: pero son esos obstáculos y dificultades que debemos superar día a día los que nos hacen disfrutar mas nuestros logros.

Promovida por ese constante anhelo de superación que me identifica asumí el reto de cursar y aprobar la Maestría en Gerencia Empresarial para enriquecer así mis conocimientos, y hacerme una Profesional mas íntegral en el área financiera; y aunque el camino que aún me falta por recorrer es bastante extenso me satisface decir que he dado un paso más en el logro de mi objetivo al participar con éxito en el programa de nivelación de Ingles Instrumental; porque he reforzado enormemente los elementales conocimientos que tenía del idioma Inglés ya que a través de distintas técnicas estudiadas he aprendido a hacer de este idioma una herramienta útil para el ejercicio de mi profesión.

A contínuación presento mi Blog, el cual muestra el desarrollo de las actividades asignadas durante el programa de nivelación de Ingles Instrumental cursado en la Universidad Rafael Belloso Chacín, espero sea de su agrado y de gran utilidad para los distinto usuarios...!

UNIDAD IV: PATRONES DE ORGANIZACIÓN DE UN PÁRRAFO

A través del estudio de esta unidad se busca desarrollar la capacidad de identificar las características de una definición, narrar los eventos siguiendo los marcadores de discurso de ordenamiento de tiempo.  

ACTIVIDAD IV.2 PATRONES DE ORGANIZACIÓN DEL TEXTO (CLASIFICAR LOS MARCADORES DE DISCURSO).


SIMÓN BOLÍVAR BIOGRAPHY

Bolívar was born in Caracas (in modern-day Venezuela) into an aristocratic family, and was educated by different tutors, among them Simón Rodríguez, from whose ideas and educational style he received great influence.
Following the death of his parents, he went to Spain in 1799 to complete his education. In Spain he married María Teresa Rodríguez del Toro y Alaysa in 1802 but, on a brief visit return to Venezuela in 1803, she succumbed to yellow fever. Bolívar returned to Europe in 1804 and for a time was part of Napoleon's retinue.

Bolívar returned to Venezuela in 1807 and, when Napoleon made Joseph King of Spain and its colonies in 1808, he participated in the resistance juntas in America. The Caracas junta declared its independence in 1810, and Bolívar was sent to England on a diplomatic mission.

Bolívar returned to Venezuela in 1811. In July 1812, junta leader Francisco de Miranda surrendered, and Bolívar had to flee to Cartagena de Indias. From there, Bolívar wrote his Cartagena Manifesto. In 1813 he led the invasion of Venezuela. He entered Merida on May 23 and was proclaimed El Libertador ("liberator"). Caracas was recaptured on August 6, and the second Venezuelan republic was proclaimed. He then commanded a Colombian nationalist force and captured Bogotá in 1814. However, after a number of military setbacks, Bolívar fled in 1815 to Jamaica; there, he petitioned the Haitian leader Alexandre Pétion for aid. In 1816, with Haitian help, Bolívar returned to the fight, landing in Venezuela and capturing Angostura (now Ciudad Bolívar).

A victory at Boyacá in 1819 added Colombia to the territories free of Spanish control, and in December Bolívar created Gran Colombia (a federation covering much of Venezuela, Colombia, Panama, and Ecuador) with himself as president. Further victories at Carabobo in 1821 and Pichincha in 1822 consolidated his rule. In 1822 he took over Peru, which had been partially liberated from the Spanish by the Argentinian general José de San Martín in July 1821, after the latter's resignation from the title of Protector of Peruvian Freedom. Bolívar was named president on September 10. Bolívar, assisted by Antonio José de Sucre decisively defeated the Spanish in August 1824 at Junín. Sucre destroyed the remnants of the Spanish forces at Ayacucho in December.

In August 1825, at the Congress of Upper Peru the Republic of Bolivia was created in honour of Bolívar. But by 1827, internal divisions had sparked in wars, and the fragile South American coalition collapsed. Bolívar resigned his presidency in 1828 and died from tuberculosis on December 17, 1830.

It should be added that, at one period, Bolívar had a dream of uniting all South American, Central American and Caribbean countries and turning them into a single, economically independent country, which he had planned to name Estados Unidos de Latinoamérica, or The United States of Latin America.

There was a meeting by Latin American presidents and governors to approve or disapprove of Bolívar's plan, but it was decided not to go through with the plan by only one vote.
http://www.biographybase.com/biography/Bolivar_Simon.html

HOMEWORK: SELECCIONE OTRO TEXTO RELACIONADO CON SU ÁREA DE EXPERTICIA:

1.- Extraiga los marcadores de discurso, diga si son de secuencia u ordenamiento del tiempo:
Tomando como base la Biografía de Simón Bolivar presentada anteriormente, podemos observar claramente que la redacción de la misma sigue un patrón de narración con ordenamiento del tiempo, ya que desarrolla la información en forma cronológica, es decir describiendo los eventos en un orden específico.
2.- Marcadores de Tiempo

3.- Tipo de texto:

Narración.

4.- Idea general del párrafo.
 En líneas generales el texto presentado, describe la vida y obra del Libertador Simón Bolivar.

UNIDAD IV: PATRONES DE ORGANIZACIÓN DE UN PÁRRAFO

ACTIVIDAD IV.1: PATRONES DE ORGANIZACIÓN DE UN PÁRRAFO

HUMAN RESOURCE..!

Human resources is a term used to describe the individuals who make up the workforce of an organization, although it is also applied in labor economics to, for example, business sectors or even whole nations. Human resources is also the name of the function within an organization charged with the overall responsibility for implementing strategies and policies relating to the management of individuals (i.e. the human resources). This function title is often abbreviated to the initials
http://www.answers.com/topic/human-resources

Human resource administration refers to the managing of human capital within an organization or industry. Once called “personnel management,” human resources is leading the way for improving the overall employment experience for billions of hard-working professionals around the world. In addition, human resource administration provides the business strategy by which organizations can meet the demands of the future. In many organizations, human resource administration is handled by a team of human resources professionals headed by a senior human resources director. The duties of the members of the team can range from recruiting and employee relations to payroll and benefits administration. The entire team works together to achieve the human resources goals of the organization under the direction of the human resources manager.
http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-human-resource-administration.htm

HOMEWORK: SELECCIONE UN TEXTO RELACIONADO CON SU ÁREA DE EXPERTICIA:

1.- Lea el texto y extraiga las definiciones y los marcadores del discurso.
DEFINICIONES:
·         Human resources is a term used to describe the individuals who make up the workforce of an organization, although it is also applied in labor economics to, for example, business sectors or even whole nations.
·         Human resource administration refers to the managing of human capital within an organization or industry.

MARCADORES DE DISCURSO:
·         Is a.
·         Refers to.

domingo, 13 de febrero de 2011

UNIDAD III.2- APROXIMACIÓN AL TEXTO (ACTIVIDAD II: SCANNING)

En esta unidad se presentan diferentes estrategias de lectura para la comprensión de un texto con un nivel de dificultad básico e intermedio, a través de la aplicación de las siguientes técnicas de lectura: Predicción, Skimming y Skanning.


ABOUT LUCA PACCIOLLI...

Luca Paccioli was born in 1447 in Sansepolcro (Tuscany) where he received an abbaco education. [This was education in the vernacular (i.e. the local tongue) rather than Latin and focused on the knowledge required of merchants.] He moved to Venice around 1464 where he continued his own education while working as a tutor to the three sons of a merchant. It was during this period that he wrote his first book—a treatise on arithmetic for the three boys he was tutoring. Between 1472 and 1475, he became a Franciscan friar.
In 1475, he started teaching in Perugia, first as a private teacher, from 1477 holding the first chair in mathematics. He wrote a comprehensive textbook in the vernacular for his students. He continued to work as a private tutor of mathematics and was, in fact, instructed to stop teaching at this level in Sansepolcro in 1491. In 1494, his first book to be printed, Summa de arithmetica, geometria, proportioni et proportionalita, was published in Venice. In 1497, he accepted an invitation from Lodovico Sforza ("Il Moro") to work in Milan. There he met, collaborated with, lived with, and taught mathematics to Leonardo da Vinci. In 1499, Paccioli and Leonardo were forced to flee Milan when Louis XII of France seized the city and drove their patron out. Their paths appear to have finally separated around 1506. Paccioli died aged 70 in 1517, most likely in Sansepolcro where it is thought he had spent much of his final years.

HOMEWORK: TÉCNICAS DE LECTURA (SKIMMING: TÉCNICA QUE CONSISTE EN LA LECTURA RÁPIDA DE UN TEXTO Y BÚSQUEDA DE INFORMACIÓN GENERAL DEL MISMO)
 
Seleccione un texto y escribe 4 preguntas putuales sobre fechas, sitios, etc; utiliza una biografía referente a algún autor de tu área de experticia)


1.-Lugar y fecha de nacimiento de Luca Paccioli.?

Sansepolcro, 1947.

2.- En qué año publicó su primer libro..?

1494.

3.- Dónde fue publicado y cómo se tituló..?

Fue publicado en Venecia y se tituló Summa de Artimhmetica, Geometria, Proportioni et Proportionalita.

4.- Lugar y Fecha de su Muerte..?

Sansepolcro, 1517.

Unidad III-1. APROXIMACIÓN AL TEXTO (ACTIVIDAD I: PREDICCIÓN, DEDUCCIÓN, SKIMMING)


IDENTY THEFT - GET THE FACTS BEFORE IT´S TOO LATE


Are you concerned about someone stealing from your home – breaking in when you aren't there and robbing you blind? Luckily, you probably have taken steps to prevent that since you are aware of the threat. How about your online identity and credit history, are those protected as well? If you answered no to this question, please read the rest of this article for your own good.
You say you aren't that worried about it? OK, so you don't go online to make a lot of purchases. Did you know that your information is already being stored in numerous databases around the country, even though you don't shop online? If you have a credit card, any kind of loan, an account with your utility company, even having an iPhone or other smart phone that you use, your information can be vulnerable to web hackers. The scams and schemes these criminals have devised over the past few years is astonishingly clever, and they get better at it every year. In fact many supposedly secure databases have been hacked into the in the recent past, some with millions of accounts. This has become almost routine, and no end is in sight. Most of these thefts aren't even making the news, since the companies involved don't want you to know about the break-in.
So what can be done to protect yourself? Of course experts recommend checking your bank balance and credit card statements routinely to make sure there aren't any unauthorized charges. But what if someone finds your credit card statement you threw away in the trash? They can actually pull this information and with a few other items from your identity, create an alternate identity that you would be totally unaware of. Sounds scary, I know. It happens almost every hour and every day in this country, and in many ways.
If you download music onto your iTunes account on your computer, and also routinely "share" songs with others from so-called sharing networks such as Limewire and Kazaa, hackers may have planted viruses in any one of the songs you downloaded. Unknown to you, this virus may open up a port on your PC while you are not aware, and send information to the hackers PC in another country. This is another reason you should also have a strong anti-virus software, but many people don't even realize how important these things are and fail to exercise caution.
There are also other ways that criminals can steal your identity, such as Vishing (virtual phishing)  –  sending text messages or emails that mimic contacts you already know and trying to get your social security number or even your bank login and password. You would never fall for that though, right? Many people unfortunately do, and without some kind of protection their identities are stolen and their credit is ruined in a matter of days or weeks.
Criminals have gotten much smarter over the years, since they know that people are more aware of their tactics. Coming up with newer and better scams is all they do! So each year more people lose their good credit, lose thousands of dollars from their bank accounts, or have many thousands of dollars charged to their credit cards. Without any type of protection, it is hard to restore your good credit again and can take years. Don't go without protection any longer, take steps today to protect your financial future.

HOMEWORK: TÉCNICAS DE LECTURA (PREDICCIÓN, DEDUCCIÓN Y SKIMMING.

1.- De acuerdo al título y la imágen, cuál creé usted que es el tópico que está a punto de leer...?

Las estafas a través de internet.

2.- Cuál es la idea general del texto...?

Presentar las distintas formas empleadas por los Hackers para violar la información personal y obtener datos personales de los usuarios de Internet para así realizar sus estafas.

3.- Qué palabras se repiten...?

Identy, information, hackers, criminals, credit, virus.

4.- Qué Palabras se parecen al español...?

Numerous - Numerosos.
Company - Compañía.
Criminals - Criminales.
Vulnerable - Vulnerable.
Identy - Identidad.
Information - Información.
Credit Card - Tarjeta de crédito.


5.- Cuáles son las palabras en negrita, el titulo, subtitulo o gráficos que te ayudan a entender el texto...?


La imagen presentadas al inicio del texto, ilustran claramente el contenido del mismo.

6.- De qué trata el texto...? Lee el primer párrafo y el último o las últimas ideas del último párrafo.

Debido al auge de la informática, muchas personas hacen del acceso a Internet una actividad rutinaria; ya que dependen de esta red para hacer casi todas sus actividades; sin considerar que existen miles de personas trabajando de forma ardua en el hecho de idear y perfeccionar técnicas que les permitan acceder y sustraer de forma ilícita e imperceptible a nuestros datos personales y realizar así las muy comunes estafas virtuales.

UNIDAD II: ESTRUCTURA DE LA ORACIÓN.

Dentro de esta unidad se identifican los diferentes elementos que conforman la oración.


Best Financial Software - Learn How to Get the Right One
So you want to get the best financial software, but you're not sure where to look? Don't worry, I'll help you find the main things to look for in this article.
You see there are a number of factors that you'll want to consider to determine which the best financial software is. Here are just a few of them:
- Ease of use. The software itself is going to be very easy to use - period. Sure, some products might have a lot more features, but be much more complicated to use! You want something that's easy and does its job well so you can do other things.
- How it will be used. Are you looking for software for personal use, or for a business? Usually, the ones designed for personal use at home are much easier to use (but have a lot less capability) than those designed to be used by a business. If you have a very small business then the simpler software may work.

- Price. Just like with every other product out there, be sure to consider the price when trying to find the best financial software. Just because one kind is very expensive doesn't mean it's the best! At the same time, if you buy the cheapest financial software you may be buying an inferior product. Is that worth saving a few dollars?


- Who will be using it. This kind of goes along with ease of use. If you have someone who's great with this stuff, then it might be a fairly complicated program for them. However, if the person is not very experienced with this kind of software, try to get a simpler, more basic program to start.
- Flexibility. The best financial software has a lot of flexibility built into it. That way if you need to do something out of the norm, it's not too difficult to figure out what to do.
- Online reviews. Are you reading the online reviews about this software? You should! With the internet so big now, it's easy to find reviews on almost any kind of financial tracking software you can think of.
In conclusion, you have quite a number of things to look for to find the best financial software. And remember that what's best for you may not be best for me.



HOMEWORK: Selecciona un texto en Ingles relacionado con tu campo de experticia.

1.- Escribe cual es la idea principal del texto y escribe con tus propias palabras que dice el texto en español.
De acuerdo a sus características, determinar cual es el software financiero que mejor se adapta a nuestras necesidades.
2.- Resumen del texto.
Para determinar cual es el software financiero que mejor se adapta a nuestras necesidades, antes de tomar una decisión se deben considerar entre otras, las siguientes variables:
- Facilidad de uso. El software debe ser fácil de usar, para todos los futuros usuarios del mismo.
- ¿Cómo se va a utilizar. ¿Estás buscando un software para uso personal o para un negocio? Por lo general, las destinadas al uso personal son mucho más fáciles de usar (pero tienen menor capacidad) que los previstos para ser utilizados por una empresa. Si usted tiene un negocio muy pequeño, entonces con el software más simple se puede trabajar. - Precio. Al igual que con todos los productos que hay por ahí, asegúrese de considerar el precio cuando se trata de encontrar el mejor software financiero. El hecho de que un tipo es muy caro no significa que sea el mejor! Al mismo tiempo, si usted compra la más barata de software financiero puede estar comprando un producto inferior.

 - Flexibilidad. El mejor software financiero debe tener carcteristicas flexibles. De manera que si se necesita hacer algo fuera de lo normal, no debe ser demasiado difícil de averiguar qué hacer.

 3.- Selecciona dos oraciones e indica (Frase nominal, pre y post modificadores y núcleo de la frase nominal; Frase verbal, núcleo de la frase verbal y Tiempo verbal de la oración):
The best financial software has a lot of flexibility built into it.
Frase Nominal: The Best Financial Software.
Pre-Modificadores: The best financial.
Post-Modificadores: No se encontraron en la oración.
Núcleo de la Frase Nominal: Software.
Frase Verbal: Has a lot flexibility built into it.
Núcleo de la frase verbal: Has
Tiempo verbal de la oración: Presente simple

With the internet so big now, it's easy to find reviews on almost any kind of financial tracking software you can think of.

Frase Nominal: With the internet so big now, it´s…
Pre-Modificadores: With the internet so big now…
Post-Modificadores: Easy to....
Núcleo de la frase nominal: It´s

Frase Verbal: … find reviews on almost any kind of financial tracking software you can think of.
Núcleo de la frase verbal: Find
Tiempo Verbal de la Oración: Presente simple.

UNIDAD I: USO DEL DICCIONARIO

La finalidad de esta unidad es hacer del diccionario una herramienta de gran utilidad para la interpretación de textos en Ingles; permitiendo identificar la naturaleza de las palabras que lo componen.


Accountancy Profession's Strategic Oversight can Future-proof Businesses Worldwide, says ACCA

Global business leaders expect finance professionals to take on a more strategic role in the future, with more than half of respondents to a new research from ACCA believing the ethical integrity of finance professionals will become increasingly important.
The value creation model for business: 2010 and beyond sought the opinions of over 500 senior business people in nine countries about the role of the finance professional now and in the future.
Helen Brand, Chief Executive at ACCA on the publication of this study says:  "We expect to see a new focus being placed by organizations on how they source and develop the skills and capabilities of their finance employees to create value, not just to their employers but within the wider economy."
The research shows that business leaders believe that:
-   accountants will help to improve the ethical standards across an organization with over half of respondents (58%) believing this guardianship role will become more important in the future.
-   the role of the finance professional is now more visible and more responsible, and that this has been the case since the global economic crisis. They also believe that this visibility and responsibility will continue and grow in the future.
-   accountants will bring greater oversight and supervision in an increasingly global regulatory environment, and help organizations manage risk more effectively. Indeed two-thirds of respondents placed risk management and internal control among the top skills required of accountants going forward (67%).
This new research builds on previous surveys by ACCA to build a compelling body of evidence about the significant role accountants play as ‘value creators’ in the business world by serving the public interest, restoring stakeholder confidence and ensuring long-term sustainable wealth creation.
Helen Brand adds: "In the future, we predict an increased need for highly-talented professionals, particularly in emerging markets. Organisations need to be prepared to invest in their people to ensure that their finance professionals are seen as leaders in the business, central to decision-making. Professional accountants already bring value through financial analysis, forecasting and an ethical approach. By enhancing their expertise in risk management, internal control and strategic decision-making, we believe accountants will be at the heart of business."
Helen Brand concludes: "Sustainability is also a key feature for the finance professional of the future. Fifty-six per cent of business leaders expect the finance professional to be involved to a greater extent in sustainability and corporate and social responsibility issues.
"The finance professional of the future will bring greater oversight. As the global economy returns to growth, we will see the influence of professional accountants in all economies and particular emerging markets, come to the fore. They will help to create the infrastructure and develop codes of governance that bring about responsible and sustainable business practices."
http://www.accountancy.com.pk/newsprac.asp?newsid=718




HOMEWORK: Seleccione un texto en Ingles relacionado con tu campo de experticia, y desarrolla los siguientes tópicos:
1.- Lee tu texto y subraya 2 palabras nuevas, busca en el diccionario y escribe el significado que mejor se adapte al contexto donde se encuentra.

Expect:  [ɪk’spekt]. vi. Esperar.  (Palabra de Contenido)
Within:  [wɪð’ɪn]. prep. Dentro de. (Palabra de Función)
Increasingly: [ɪn’kri:sɪŋlɪ]. adv. Cada vez mas; Crecientemente. (Palabra de Función)



2.- Busca y Subraya dos ejemplos para cada una de las siguientes categorías:
Sustantivos:
·         Leaders
·         Accountants
Adjetivos:
·         The.
·         An.
Adverbios:
·         Increasingly.
·         Effectively.

Verbos:
·         Develop
·         become
Conjunciones:
·         And.
·         That.

Preposiciones:
·         Of.
·         About.

Artículos:
·         The
·         A

Prefijos:
No se encontraron en el texto.
Sufijos:
·         Sustainable.
·         Highly.
Cognados Falsos:
No se encontraron en el texto.
Cognados Verdaderos:
·         Visible.
·         Global.


3.- Idea principal del texto.

El papel a desempeñar por los profesionales de la contabilidad en el futuro, basado en las expectativas de los empresarios.
4.- Resumen del texto en español:

Los empresarios esperan que los profesionales de las finanzas a asuman un papel más estratégico en el futuro.

Un estudio basado en las opiniones de 500 empresarios arrojó entre otros aspectos, lo siguiente:

- El papel del profesional de las finanzas debe ser más visible y aún más responsable. Esperan ver nuevos enfoques, habilidades y capacidades de los Contadores para crear valor al patrimonio de sus empleadores dentro de la economía en general.

- Los Contadores deberán implementar una mayor vigilancia y supervisión en un entorno regulador cada vez más global y ayudar a las organizaciones gestionar el riesgo con mayor eficacia.

A medida que la economía vuelva al crecimiento mundial, se espera la influencia de los contadores profesionales en todas las economías y en particular los mercados emergentes, pasando a primer plano. Ellos le ayudarán a crear la infraestructura y el desarrollo de lineamientos de buena gestión que llevan sobre las prácticas comerciales responsables y sostenibles. "